The Arts

c. 2000 BC Most famous megalithic monument used for ritual purposes.

c. 2100 BC Stepped, mud-brick temple designed as meeting place for man and gods in Summer.

c. 270 BC Gigantic monument for dead pharaohs; first named architect, Imhotep, built stepped pyramid for Egyptian King Zoser.

Athens, Greece. Iktinos & Phidias. 447-432 BC Architects perfected the Greek Doric temple style.

Rome, Italy. c. AD 118-28 Best example of Roman monumental architecture, fully exploited arch, vaults, dome, and concrete.

Interior

China

Tralles and Miletus. Istanbul, Turkey. 532-37 Byzantine: The dome of Hagia Sophia is supported by pendentives to allow a flood of light.

c. 1080 Romanesque: Church style with massive piers and towers, round topped arches.

Chartres, France. 1194-1260 Gothic: Vault supported by flying buttresses, strong vertical orientation and pointed arches.

Brunelleschi (1377-1446). Florence, Italy. 1446 First great Italian Renaissance architect, rediscovered Classical forms and simplicity

Alberti (1404-72) Rimini, Italy. 1450 Formulated architectural theory based on rules of proportion.

Bramante (1444-1514) Vatican City, Rome. 1506 High Renaissance architect who redesigned St. Peter's Cathedral

Michelangelo (1475-1564). Rome, Italy. 1471 Remodeled Capitoline Hill in Rome.

Palladio (1508-80) Veneto, Italy. c.1560 Arch and column compositions of symmetrical villas copied around the world.

Bernini (1598-1680). Rome, Italy. 1651 Designed Roman churches, chapels and fountains for theatrical effect.

Bernini

Borromini (1599-1667) Rome, Italy. 1638-1641 Used curves and counter-curves, rich surface decoration.

Cuvillies (1659-1768) Munich, Germany. 1751 Designed extravagant Rococo rooms based on mirrors, gilt and profusely carved stucco.

Postnik Jakovlev, 1561

Jefferson (1743-1826) Charlottesville, Virgina. 1772 Revived Classical/Palladian style in neo-temples

John Nash, 1815

Eiffel (1823-1923) Paris, France. 1889 Devised his namesake tower as triumph of engineering and industrial materials.

Sullivan (1856-1924) Buffalo, NY. 1896 Developed modern architecture with form follows function concept

Sullivan. Chicago. 1887-89

Daniel Burnham, 1903

Gaudi (1852-1926) Barcelona, Spain. 1904 Spanish Art Nouveau architect based fluid, linear style on organic forms.

Wright (1869-1959) Pennsylvania 1936-39 American innovator who pioneered "organic" buildings with flowing lines.

Wright. New York, NY. 1959

Wright

Gropius (1883-1969) Germany. 1919 Led Bauhaus trend toward functionalism

Mies Van Der Rohe (1886-1969). 1922 Perfected simple, unornamented skyscraper with glass curtain walls

Mies Van Der Rohe. Plano, Illinois. 1951

Le Corbusier (1887-1965) Paris, France.1928 Shifted from sleek, International Style buildings to sculptural fantasies.

Le Corbusier. Ronchamp, France. 1954

Johnson (b. 1906) New Canaan, Connecticut. 1949 Evolved from International Style to Post Modernism

Pei (b. 1917) Paris, France. 1989 Stark, geometric buildings like abstract sculpture.

Jørn Utzon, 1973

Fariborz Sahba, 1986

Brazil

Gehry (b. 1934) Prague, Czech Republic 1992-96 "Deconstructivist" architect whose buildings of disconnect parts have an unfinished, semi-punk look.